4D monitoring programs are currently being used in more than 140 fields around the world, but are challenging to execute safely and efficiently. To detect fluid movement, repeatability of seismic source and receiver positions are critical, but often difficult due to variability introduced by ocean currents.  If the positions are far enough apart from prior surveys that repeatability specifications are not met, the area has to be re-shot.  The process of re-shooting is known as in-fill, a process that can add 15% or more to the survey cost. 

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